Words of Prayer

Plain-English help with the older words and church words in the prayers.

An unfamiliar word need not keep you from praying. This companion explains older English and the church words you will meet on Simply Orthodox. Read what helps, and return to your prayer when you are ready.

The prayers themselves stay as they are. These explanations sit beside them. If a word or custom is still unclear, your priest or someone in your parish can help.

Pronunciations are simple guides, with the strongest syllable in capitals. Parishes say some words differently.

Older English in the prayers

Reading the old English

These small words appear in almost every prayer. They are not marked in the prayers themselves.

Thee
You, when the person is receiving an action: we pray to Thee.
Thou
You, when speaking to one person who is doing something: Thou lovest means you love.
Thy
Your, when speaking to one person.
Thine
Yours, or an older form of your before a vowel, as in Thine own.
Art
Are, used with Thou.
Hast
Have, used with Thou.
Hath
Has, used with he, she, or it.
Dost
Do, used with Thou.
Doth
Does, used with he, she, or it.
Didst
Did, used with Thou.
Wilt
Will, used with Thou.
Shalt
Shall, used with Thou; it can express what will happen or what someone is commanded to do.
Vouchsafe

Graciously grant or be willing to give.

In prayer, it asks God to give something in His kindness.

Meet

Fitting or right, as in it is meet to give thanks.

Unto

To.

This older word often appears when a prayer names the person addressed or the goal sought.

Succor (succour)

Help in trouble or need.

As a verb, it means to come to someone's help.

Evermore

Forever, or always.

Beseech

Ask earnestly, with a deep sense of need.

Deign

Be willing, in kindness, to do something for someone of lower standing.

In these prayers it speaks of God's care for us.

Behold

Look at, see, or pay attention to.

Beheld means saw.

Lo

Look or take notice.

It draws attention to what follows.

Nigh

Near.

To draw nigh is to come near.

Whence

From which place, or from where.

Wherefore

For that reason, or therefore.

In a question it can mean why.

Hallowed

Honored as holy.

In the Lord's Prayer, it asks that God's name be held in reverence.

Iniquities

Sins or unjust actions.

Infirmities

Weaknesses or illnesses.

In prayer the word can include weakness of body or soul.

Remission

Forgiveness, when the prayer speaks of sins.

Repose

Rest.

In prayers for the departed, it asks for their rest in God.

Furtherance

Help to move forward or grow in something good.

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Services, hymns, and readings

Divine Liturgy

The Church's service centered on Scripture, prayer, and Holy Communion.

AkathistSay itAH-kuh-thist

A hymn-prayer praising Christ, the Mother of God, or a saint.

Its name points to the custom of standing to pray it.

Trisagion (Thrice-Holy)Say ittree-SAH-gee-on

The prayer beginning Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal.

Trisagion means thrice-holy.

Litany

A series of short petitions, with a response from the people after each one.

AntiphonSay itAN-tih-fon

A group of verses or a hymn sung with responses.

The opening antiphons of the Liturgy vary with the day and local practice.

TroparionSay ittroh-PAH-ree-on

A short hymn about a feast, saint, or other holy theme.

Troparia is the plural.

KontakionSay itkon-TAH-kee-on

A short hymn that expresses the meaning of a feast or saint's commemoration.

In an Akathist, the name is used for its shorter stanzas.

Prokeimenon (Gradual)Say itproh-KEE-meh-non

A short Scripture refrain with verses, usually from a psalm, sung before a reading or at another appointed place.

Vespers

The evening service of psalms and prayer, at the beginning of the Church's liturgical day.

Matins (Orthros)Say itOrthros: OR-thros

The Church's morning service of psalms, readings, and hymns.

It is also called Orthros.

Vigil

An extended time of prayer.

The All-Night Vigil commonly joins Vespers and Matins, with other appointed prayers.

Canon

Here, a set of hymns arranged in sections called odes.

In other church writing, canon can mean a rule or the recognized books of Scripture.

Ode

A section of a hymn canon, connected with a biblical song.

IrmosSay iteer-MOS

The opening hymn of an ode, linking it to a biblical song and setting a pattern for the hymns that follow.

SticheraSay itSTEE-kheh-rah; sticheron: STEE-kheh-ron

Hymns sung with psalm verses, especially at Vespers and Matins.

One is called a sticheron.

ApostichaSay itah-POS-tih-khah

A group of hymns sung with selected Scripture verses near the end of Vespers or some forms of Matins.

KathismaSay itkah-THIZ-mah

One of the twenty sections of the Psalter used in worship.

The same word can also refer to a sessional hymn.

PolyeleosSay itpoh-lee-EH-leh-os

A joyful psalm refrain at festive Matins, praising God's enduring mercy.

ExapostilarionSay itek-sah-poh-stee-LAH-ree-on

A short hymn after the canon at Matins, often about the Resurrection Gospel or the feast.

Doxology

A prayer praising God's glory.

The Great Doxology is the longer hymn near the end of Matins.

MagnificatSay itmag-NIF-ih-kat

Mary's song of praise in Luke 1:46–55, beginning with her soul magnifying the Lord.

Psalter

The Book of Psalms, or a service book containing the psalms arranged for prayer.

Beatitudes

Christ's sayings about those who are blessed, from the Sermon on the Mount.

Creed

A statement of the Church's faith.

In the Liturgy this means the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed.

Epistle

A letter.

The service's Epistle reading comes from the New Testament letters or the Acts of the Apostles.

Gospel

The good news of Jesus Christ.

In service directions, it may mean the reading from Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John, or the book containing those readings.

Cherubic HymnSay itkeh-ROO-bik

The hymn sung around the Great Entrance, calling the faithful to lay aside earthly cares and join the angels' worship.

AnaphoraSay ituh-NAF-or-uh

The central Eucharistic prayer of thanksgiving and offering in the Divine Liturgy.

Presanctified Gifts

Holy Gifts consecrated at an earlier Liturgy.

The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts joins evening prayer to receiving them in Communion.

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The church building

The main part of the church where the congregation gathers.

NarthexSay itNAR-theks

The entrance area of the church, before the nave.

IconostasisSay iteye-kuh-NOS-tuh-sis

The screen of icons between the nave and the sanctuary.

Altar

The holy table where the Eucharist is celebrated.

In some Orthodox usage, altar also means the whole sanctuary around it.

Sanctuary

The holy area beyond the iconostasis, containing the altar table.

Holy Table

The altar table at the center of the sanctuary.

Royal Doors

The central doors in the iconostasis, used at appointed moments in the services.

Also called the Holy Doors.

Deacons' Doors

The side doors of the iconostasis used by those serving in the sanctuary.

AmboSay itAM-boh

A raised place used for readings or speaking to the people.

In many churches it is the projecting area before the iconostasis.

Table of oblationSay itProthesis: PROTH-eh-sis

The table where the bread and wine are prepared before the Liturgy.

Also known as the Prothesis.

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People, roles, and holy names

TheotokosSay ittheh-oh-TOH-kos

A Greek title for Mary meaning the one who gives birth to God.

It tells us that her Son, Jesus Christ, is truly God.

PantocratorSay itpan-toh-KRAH-tor

Ruler of all, a title of Christ.

It also names the familiar icon of Christ blessing and holding the Gospel.

CatechumenSay itkat-ih-KYOO-men

Someone preparing to enter the Church and being taught the faith.

Priest

An ordained minister who serves under a bishop, leads worship, teaches, and cares for a parish.

Deacon

An ordained minister who assists the bishop or priest in worship and in serving people.

Bishop

The ordained shepherd responsible for a diocese and its unity in the Church's faith and worship.

Reader

A person appointed to read Scripture and other service texts.

A reader can also be tonsured to this ministry by a bishop, or by a priest the bishop blesses to do it.

Choir

The singers who lead the congregation's hymns and responses.

Clergy

Those set apart for the Church's ordained ministries, especially bishops, priests, and deacons.

Laity

The members of the Church who are not clergy.

They share in the Church's prayer and work.

Saint

A holy person.

The Church especially uses this title for people whose life in Christ it recognizes and honors.

Forerunner

A title of John the Baptist, who prepared the way for Christ.

CherubimSay itCHAIR-uh-bim

Angelic beings spoken of in Scripture as close to God's throne.

Cherub is the singular.

SeraphimSay itSAIR-uh-fim

The six-winged angelic beings in Isaiah's vision, praising God's holiness.

ArchangelSay itARK-ayn-jul

An angel of high rank, such as Michael or Gabriel.

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Things used in worship

ProsphoraSay itPROS-foh-rah

Bread offered for the Eucharist, from which the Lamb and commemorative pieces are taken.

AntidoronSay itahn-TEE-thoh-ron; also an-TIH-duh-ron

Blessed bread distributed in connection with the Liturgy.

It is not the consecrated Body of Christ received in Holy Communion.

Chalice

The cup used for the wine that becomes Christ's Blood in the Eucharist.

Diskos (paten)Say itDEES-kos; PAT-un

The plate holding the Eucharistic bread.

Paten is the word often used in the older English service text.

Lamb

The main piece cut from the offered bread, to be consecrated as Christ's Body.

Its name points to Christ, the Lamb of God.

Spear

The small liturgical knife used to cut the offered bread.

Star (asterisk)

A folding metal support placed over the diskos to keep its cover from touching the bread.

Censer

The vessel in which incense is burned during worship.

LampadaSay itlahm-PAH-thah; also lahm-PAH-dah

An oil lamp burning before an icon.

Tabernacle

Here, the vessel on the altar that holds the reserved Holy Gifts.

Incense

A fragrant substance burned during worship.

Its rising smoke accompanies prayer.

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Prayer, Communion, and the Church year

EucharistSay itYOO-kuh-rist

Holy Communion, the Church's thanksgiving in which the faithful receive Christ's Body and Blood.

Communion

Sharing in life with God and with one another in the Church.

Holy Communion especially means receiving Christ's Body and Blood.

Holy Mysteries

The Church's sacraments, through which God shares His life with us.

In Communion prayers, the phrase especially means Christ's Body and Blood.

Prayer rule

A regular pattern of prayer, chosen with your priest's guidance and suited to a person's circumstances.

PaschaSay itPAHS-khah

The feast of Christ's Resurrection.

The name comes from the word for Passover.

PentecostSay itPEN-tih-kost

The feast of the coming of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles, celebrated fifty days after Pascha.

TheophanySay itthee-OF-uh-nee

A revealing of God.

As a feast name, it celebrates Christ's Baptism and the revelation of the Holy Trinity. Also called Epiphany.

Nativity

Birth.

The Nativity of Christ is Christmas; the Church also celebrates the births of Mary and John the Baptist.

Great Fast (Great Lent)

The main season of fasting and repentance before Pascha.

Holy Week follows the forty days of Great Lent, though everyday speech sometimes groups them together.

Venerate

Show reverent love and honor, for example toward a saint or an icon.

Worship belongs to God alone.

Intercession

Prayer to God for someone else.

Repentance

Turning away from sin and turning toward God.

It includes a change in how we live, not only feeling sorry.

Sanctification

Being made holy through the Holy Spirit and growing in life with Christ.

Departed

People who have died.

The Church continues to pray for them and entrust them to God's mercy.

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All words, A to Z

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